An upper gastrointestinal series is a test that allows visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). The procedure begins by having the individual swallow a thick barium mixture, also called a barium milkshake, after which x-rays are taken as the barium mixture passes through the digestive tract. The barium makes the lumen of the upper gastrointestinal tract visible under x-ray. The results of an upper gastrointestinal series can reveal conditions such as ulcers, tumors, hiatal hernias, scarring, blockages, and abnormalities of the muscular wall of the gastrointestinal system.
A primary reason for performing an upper gastrointestinal series is peptic ulcer disease. Risk factors for peptic ulcer include smoking tobacco and the presence of a certain bacterium (H. pylori) in the stomach. Other risk factors include increased secretion of acid and the enzyme pepsin by the stomach, reduced production of protective stomach mucus, and use of medications such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that may erode the stomach lining and cause gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers. Individuals whose immune system is deficient (immunodeficient) are at risk for contracting infections (cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, syphilis) that can create ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract. There is evidence that some individuals may have a genetic predisposition toward peptic ulcer disease. However, there is no evidence that psychological stress or excessive alcohol intake are causative factors, although they may aggravate an existing ulcer. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| An upper gastrointestinal series is performed in order to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine and detect abnormalities. The procedure is also useful in diagnosing swallowing difficulties, heartburn, pain in the upper abdomen, or bleeding from the stomach or esophagus. It can also help diagnose a tumor, ulcer, or hiatal hernia. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| An upper gastrointestinal series is typically performed on an outpatient basis. A drug (glucagon) may be given before starting the test to decrease the possibility of gastrointestinal spasm. The individual is positioned behind x-ray equipment or a fluoroscope and while still in an upright position is asked to swallow between 12 to 20 ounces of a suspension of barium sulfate. The individual then lies down on an x-ray table, and as the stomach fills, the physician may massage (palpate) it to ensure that all parts of the stomach and duodenum are coated so they can be visualized during the procedure. The x-ray table may be tilted so that a series of x-ray or fluoroscopic images can be obtained at different angles through the upper chest and abdomen. The total time required to complete the test is about 1 to 2 hours. Unless other tests are scheduled, the individual should be able to return to a normal diet after the test. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| An upper gastrointestinal series helps diagnose and determine the appropriate treatment for upper gastrointestinal cancers, esophageal stricture, hiatal hernia, diverticula, esophageal and stomach ulcers, achalasia, polyps, gastritis, pyloric stenosis, malabsorption syndrome, and duodenal inflammation. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| Complications of the procedure may include constipation or diarrhea, bloating, cramping, nausea or vomiting, and abdominal pain. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| There should only be minimal work restrictions after an upper gastrointestinal series. The individual may require ready access to bathroom facilities for 24 hours following the procedure. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
| CitedSoll, A., and J. Isenberg. "Peptic Ulcer Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis." Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Eds. Lee Goldman and J. Claude Bennett. 21st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2000. 671-684. |
Source: Medical Disability Advisor